Should I get the COVID vaccine if I’m Pregnant?
For most people, getting the COVID-19 vaccine as soon as possible is the safest choice.
However, trials testing the vaccine in pregnant and breastfeeding women have not been completed. The information below will help you make an informed choice about whether to get the COVID-19 vaccine while you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant.
Your Options
Get the COVID-19 vaccine as soon as it is available.
Wait for more information about the vaccine in pregnancy.
What are the BENEFITS of getting the COVID-19 Vaccine?
- COVID-19 patients who are pregnant are 5 times more likely to end up in the intensive care unit (ICU) or on a ventilator than COVID-19 patients who are not pregnant.1
- Preterm birth may be more common for pregnant women with severe COVID-19, but other obstetric complications such as stillbirth do not appear to be increased.2
- Pregnant women are more likely to die of COVID-19 than nonpregnant women with COVID-19 who are the same age.3,4
- As COVID-19 infections go up in our communities, your risk of getting COVID-19 goes up too.
- Getting the vaccine will prevent you from getting COVID-19 and will help keep you from giving COVID-19 to people around you.
- The COVID-19 vaccine has no live virus.5
- The COVID-19 vaccine does NOT contain ingredients that are known to be harmful to pregnant women or to the fetus.
- Many vaccines are routinely given in pregnancy and are safe (for example: tetanus, diphtheria and flu).
What are the RISKS of getting the COVID-19 vaccine?
- The vaccine was tested in over 20,000 people, and there were no serious side effects. However, it was not tested in pregnant women.
- We do not have data on whether the vaccine works as well in pregnancy as it did in the study of nonpregnant individuals.
- We do not have data on whether there are unique downsides in pregnancy, like different side effects or an increased risk of miscarriage or fetal abnormalities.
- Although there were no serious side effects reported, many people had some side effects. The side effects of the vaccine were:
- Injection site reactions like sore arm (84%)
- Fatigue (62%)
- Headache (55%)
- Muscle pain (38%)
- Chills (32%)
- Joint pain (24%)
- Fever (14%)
- About 1% of people will get a high fever (over 102°F). A persistent high fever during the first trimester of pregnancy might increase the risk of congenital defects or miscarriage. For those reasons, you may choose to delay your COVID-19 vaccine until after the first trimester.
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends using Tylenol (acetaminophen) during pregnancy if you have a high fever.
What do the experts recommend?
COVID-19 is very dangerous and can spread very easily. Because of this, the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for persons 16 years of age and older, and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for persons 18 years of age and older in the U.S. population under the Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization (CDC).6
However, because there are no studies of pregnant women yet, there are no clear recommendations for pregnant women. This is standard for a new drug and is not due to any particular concern with this vaccine.
The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine strongly recommends that pregnant individuals have access to COVID-19 vaccines. They recommend that each person have a discussion with their health care professional about their own personal choice.7
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that the COVID-19 vaccine should not be withheld from pregnant individuals who meet criteria for vaccination.8
What else should I think about to help me decide?
Make sure you understand as much as you can about COVID-19 and about the vaccine. Ask a trusted source, like your midwife or doctor.
Think about your own personal risk. Look at the columns below and think about your risk of getting COVID-19 (left). Think about your safety — are you able to stay safe (right)?
The risks of getting sick from COVID-19 are higher if:
- You have contact with people outside your household who do not wear masks
- You are 35 years old or older
- You are overweight
- You have other medical problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease
- You are a smoker
- You are a racial or ethnic minority, or your community has a high rate of COVID-19 infections
- You are health care worker9
If you are at a higher risk of getting COVID, it probably makes sense to get the vaccine.
If you are not at higher risk for COVID-19 and:
- You are always able to wear a mask
- You and the people you live with can socially distance from others for your whole pregnancy
- Your community does NOT have high or increasing COVID-19 cases
- You think the vaccine itself will make you very nervous (you are more worried about the unknown risks than about getting COVID-19)
- You have had a severe allergic reaction to a vaccine
It might make sense for you to wait for more information.
What about breastfeeding?
The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine reports that there is no reason to believe that the vaccine affects the safety of breastmilk.7When we have an infection or get a vaccine, our bodies make antibodies to fight the infection. Antibodies formed from vaccines given during pregnancy do pass into the breastmilk and then to the baby to help prevent infections. Since the vaccine does not contain the virus, there is no risk of breastmilk containing the virus.
Summary
- COVID-19 seems to cause more harm in pregnant women than in women of the same age who are not pregnant.
- The risks of getting the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy are thought to be small but are not totally known.
- You should consider your own personal risk of getting COVID-19. If your personal risk is high, or there are many cases of COVID-19 in your community, it probably makes sense for you to get the vaccine while pregnant.
- Whether to get the vaccine during pregnancy is your choice.
What do pregnant doctors think?
We know COVID-19 can be terrible in pregnancy, and we know the vaccine doesn’t contain live virus. As someone who is approaching my third trimester and working on the front lines of this disease, for me the choice is clear: I intend to be first in line as soon as they will let me have one.” (Pregnant emergency department doctor)
I am a little nervous about getting something that hasn’t been tested in pregnant patients. Early pregnancy is a nerve-racking time, even without the unknown of a new vaccine. So, I went over the risks and benefits of getting or not getting it as a frontline worker — with myself, my partner and my doctors. We ended up deciding I should get the vaccine.” (Pregnant emergency department doctor)
I am still breastfeeding my baby, and I think the risk of exposing my infant and other children and partner to COVID-19 is far greater than any theoretical risk this novel vaccine may have. I’ve decided to get vaccinated whenever it becomes available.” (Breastfeeding OB/GYN)
Do you have more questions? Call your doctor or midwife to talk about your own personal decision.
Latest updates on COVID-19More information about the COVID-19 Vaccine
- Pfizer and Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines.
- mRNA is not new — our bodies are full of it. mRNA vaccines have been studied for the past two decades.
- mRNA vaccines mimic how viruses work. The mRNA is like a recipe card that goes into your body and makes one recipe for a brief time. The recipe is for a small part of the virus (the spike protein).
- When this spike protein is released from cells, the body recognizes it as foreign and the immune system responds. This immune response causes the side effect symptoms (like aches and fever) but leads to improved immunity.
- mRNA breaks down quickly, so it only lasts a brief time.
- This is also how other viruses like a cold virus work. Viruses use our body and cells to make their proteins. Then our immune system attacks those proteins to keep us healthy.
- There is no live virus in this vaccine, and there is no way for the vaccine to give people COVID-19.5
We know that the Pfizer vaccine trial of over 40,000 people has shown that the vaccine lowers a person’s chance of getting COVID-19 and severe COVID-19. In this study, 20,000 people got the vaccine and 20,000 people got a placebo (like a sugar pill).
- After one dose, the vaccine appears to be 50% effective. After two doses, the vaccine is 95% effective.
- In other words, for every 100 people who got COVID-19 in the placebo group, only 5 people got COVID-19 in the vaccine group.
- There were 9 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group and 1 case in the vaccine group.
- There were no serious safety concerns.
This decision aid is intended for use by pregnant women (and women planning on becoming pregnant) who are considering getting the COVID-19 vaccine, as well as their health care providers, and their friends and family. It was created by the Shared Decision-Making: COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy working group at the University of Massachusetts Medical School – Baystate. This group consists of experts in the fields of OB/GYN, maternal-fetal medicine, shared decision-making and risk communication, emergency medicine, and current COVID-19 research. Updated Dec. 14, 2020 and by Norton Healthcare on Jan. 12, 2021.
- DeBolt CA, et al. Pregnant women with severe or critical COVID-19 have increased composite morbidity compared to non-pregnant matched controls. Am J Obstet. 2020 Nov. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.022.
- Adhikari EH, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Nov 3(11):e2029256.
- DiMascio D, WAPM working group on COVID-19. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-coV-2 infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Sept. doi: 10.1002/uog.23107.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status — United States, January 22 – October 3, 2020. November 2020:1-7.
- Abbasi J. COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines — First large test for a new approach. JAMA. 2020;324(12):1125– 1127. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16866.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP Evidence to Recommendations for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine under an Emergency Use Authorization. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recs/grade/covid-19-pfizer-biontech-etr.html (Accessed Dec. 14, 2020); and ACIP Evidence to Recommendations for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine under an Emergency Use Authorization. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/recs/grade/covid-19-moderna-etr.html (Accessed Jan. 12, 2021).
- Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. SMFM Statement on COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy. https://www.smfm.org/publications/339-society-for- maternal-fetal-medicine-smfm-statement-sars-cov-2-vaccination-in-pregnancy.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vaccinating pregnant and lactating patients against COVID-19. https://www.acog.org/en/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/vaccinating-Pregnant-and-Lactating-Patients-Against-COVID-19 (Accessed Dec. 14, 2020).
- Mutambudzi M, Niedwiedz C, Macdonald EB, et al. Occupation and risk of severe COVID-19: Prospective cohort study of 120 075 UK Biobank participants. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Published online first: 09 Dec. 2020. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106731.
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